Origin Of Solar System Essays - Planetary Science, Solar System

Origin Of Solar System Essays - Planetary Science, Solar System Origin Of Solar System The Origin of the Solar System One of the most intriguing questions in astronomy today is the how our solar system formed. Not only does the answer add insight to other similarly forming systems, but also helps to satisfy our curiosity about the origin of our species. Although it is highly unlikely that astronomers will ever know with absolute scientific certainty how our system originated, they can construct similar theoretical models with the hopes gaining a better understanding. A basic understand of the current physical aspects of our solar system are helpful when trying to analyzing its origin. Our solar system is made of the Sun, nine major planets, at least sixty planetary satellite, thousands of asteroids and comets that all span an immense distance. Each planet has its own individual characteristics and seven of which have one or more satellites. There are thousands of asteroids, mainly congested in the area between Mars and Jupiter, as well as countless comets that all trav el in a spherical orbit around our Sun. The Sun contains approximately 99 percent of the mass in the solar system, but only 2 percent of the systems angular momentum. It lies in the center of our system while all planets, asteroids and alike rotate in elliptical orbits around it in the same plane. The smaller inner planets have solid surfaces, lack ring systems and have far fewer satellites then the outer planets. Atmospheres of most of the inner planets consist of large quantities of oxidized compounds such as carbon dioxide. While on the other hand, the outer planets are far more massive then the inner terrestrial planets, and have gigantic atmospheres composed mainly of hydrogen and helium. Asteroids and comets make up the smallest portion of the solar systems entities and are composed of the remnants left behind while planets were forming. For over 300 years, there has been a very long history of conjecture on the origin of the solar system. These many theories stem from two gen eral categories. The first category called monistic, involves the evolution of the Sun and planets as an isolated system. The second group of theories called dualistic, suggested that the solar system formed as a result of the interaction between two individual stars. The dualistic formation theory has been almost entirely dropped and monistic formation has become the general consensus on the basic formation of our solar system. Most modern theories of the origin of the solar system hypothesize that all bodies in the solar system, including the sun accreted from the formation and evolution of a single primordial solar nebula. It is believed that our solar system began to form around 4.56 billion years ago from a dense interstellar cloud of gas. Because of the conservation of angular momentum, the cloud of gas formed a rotating flattened disk approximately the size of the planetary system. It was this flattened disk that is referred to as the primitive solar nebula and from which our current solar system evolved. Ordinarily, the internal pressures of the cloud are sufficient to prevent if form collapsing. However, from time to time local increases in pressure of the interstellar medium cause the additional compression of interstellar clouds. These compressions caused the clouds to reach their threshold of gravitational collapse. Once the gravitational attraction of matter is greater then any tendency to expand due to internal pressures the cloud begins to collapse inward. Theoretical models suggest that the presolar nebula continued to collapse until the center of the cloud became so dense that heat started to form. This heat increased the thermal pressure of the cloud until the collapse was eventually halted. The existence of our system of planets is entirely due to the angular momentum of the initial cloud. If there were no angular momentum, then the interstellar cloud would have collapsed to from a single star. While at the same time, if the collapse had occ urred under a system with too much angular momentum then a binary star would have resulted from our system. Our system formed under intermediate conditions allowing the planets to evolve. The fact that the Sun contains 99 percent of the solar systems mass but only 2 percent

Avoiding Power Abuse When the Actions of the President Have to Be Restricted by the Congress

Avoiding Power Abuse When the Actions of the President Have to Be Restricted by the Congress There is no doubt that a state leader enjoys impressive power. With political, economical, financial and even social issues under control, a political leader can possibly turn into a dictator[1].Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Avoiding Power Abuse: When the Actions of the President Have to Be Restricted by the Congress specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the fact that in the resent-day world, the leader of a state controls every single sphere of the life of the state, the restrictions imposed on the leader by qualified exceptionalism principle allows for making sure that no power abuse is taking place. In his article, David Rudenstine explains where the power abuse that can be currently observed in a number of states stems from. According to Rudenstine, the seeds of constitutional dictatorship were planted in a governmental system since Ancient Rome. As Rudenstine explains, the principle in accordance with which the leader of a stat might consider authoritarian regime as a means to lead the state out of a crisis â€Å"is rooted in the Roman Republic.†[2] In their turn, Owens and Loomes analyze the work of the U.S. Congress without the references to earlier political practices, as well as without analyzing a particular political situation. According to Owens and Loomes, as long as the policy of qualified expectations persists in the U.S. government and the Congress has its impact on the President’s actions, democracy is safe.[3] Despite the work of the Congress, however, power abuse can possibly take place unless strong moral principles are established, which will help coordinate the steps of the government[4]. The aforementioned Congress does not necessarily speak from the perspective of people. Rather, Congress considers what will be most favorable for the state. After all, the members of the Congress often dispute and rarely come to terms: â€Å"American voters c an become frustrated by the inability of their leaders to move forward.†[5] However, it cannot be denied that the Congress controls the actions of the President, thus, preventing him/her from making the steps that conflict with the interests of the U.S. population: â€Å"Even today, Congress limits the Presidents powers.†[6] In addition, the way in which the Congress limits presidential power also leaves much room for thoughts. Stacey Kaper gives a very graphic example of the failure of the Congress to voice the opinion of the nation by explaining that the Congress should â€Å"provide the president with explicit self-defense authorization to address specific emerging threats,†[7] yet it never does. Perhaps, one of the key reasons for this is that â€Å"we expect too much of government†; however, it is the duty of the state representatives to take care of people, and it is necessary to make sure that they attend to their duties.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, it cannot be denied that for an average person, connecting with the Congress for the latter to translate their demands into reforms is extremely hard. As Independence Hall Associations explains, USA is â€Å"far too large a country to operate effectively as a direct democracy.†[8] With that being said, it can be assumed that the existence of Congress is justified, especially when such issues as waging war are at stake: â€Å"The implication often given is that these powers are somehow incompatible.†[9] Although there are a number of opportunities for abusing power for a man/woman in presidency, it seems that dictatorship is highly unlikely to occur in the states where restrictions are provided. While it is important to trust the person chosen democratically to rule the state, it is essential to show that gaining presidency mean s taking responsibilities. As long as the reminders of the responsibility of being a state leader exist, democracy is going to be the basic principle of governing the state. Bibliography Independence Hall Associations. â€Å"American Political Attitudes and Participation.† In  American Government. Philadelphia, PA: Independence Hall Association, 2008. ushistory.org/gov/index.asp. Independence Hall Associations. â€Å"How Do Citizens Connect with Their Government?† In American Government. Philadelphia, PA: Independence Hall Association, 2008. ushistory.org/gov/index.asp. Independence Hall Associations. â€Å"Congress: The People’s Branch?† In American  Government. Philadelphia, PA: Independence Hall Association, 2008. ushistory.org/gov/index.asp. Independence Hall Associations. â€Å"The Presidency: The Leadership Branch?† In  American Government. Philadelphia, PA: Independence Hall Association, 2008. ushistory.org/gov/index.asp. Kaper, Stacy. â€Å"How to Restrict the President’s Power to Wage War.† National  Journal 6, no. 15 (2013): 37.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Avoiding Power Abuse: When the Actions of the President Have to Be Restricted by the Congress specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Machiavelli, Nicolo. The Prince [Excerpts]. 1513. fordham.edu/halsall/source/prince-excerp.asp Owens, John E. and Burdett A. Looms. â€Å"Qualified Exceptionalism: The US Congress in Comparative Perspective.† The Journal of Legislative Studies 12, no. 3–4 (2006): 258–290. Rogers, William. â€Å"Congress, the President, and the War Powers.† California Law  Review 59, no. 5 (1971): 1194–1214. Rudenstine, David. â€Å"Roman Roots for an Imperial Presidency: Revisiting Clinton Rossiter’s 1948 Constitutional Dictatorship: Crisis Government in the Modern Democracies.† Cardozo Law Review 34, no. 3 (2013): 1063–1078. Footnotes Nicolo Machiavelli, The Prince [Excerpts], 1513, fordham.edu/halsall/source/prince-excerp.asp David Rudenstine, â€Å"Roman Roots for an Imperial Presidency: Revisiting Clinton Rossiter’s 1948 Constitutional Dictatorship: Crisis Government in the Modern Democracies,† Cardozo Law Review 34, no. 3 (2013): 1063. John E. Owens and Burdett A. Looms, â€Å"Qualified Exceptionalism: The US Congress in Comparative Perspective,† The Journal of Legislative Studies 12, no. 3–4 (2006): 258–290 Independence Hall Associations, â€Å"American Political Attitudes and Participation,† in American  Government, Philadelphia, PA: Independence Hall Association, 2008. ushistory.org/gov/index.asp. Independence Hall Associations, â€Å"Congress: The People’s Branch?,† in AmericanGovernment, Philadelphia, PA: Independence Hall Association, 2008, ushistory.org/gov/index.asp. Independence Hall Associations,  "The Presidency: The Leadership Branch?,† In  American Government, Philadelphia, PA: Independence Hall Association, 2008. ushistory.org/gov/index.asp. Stacy Kaper, â€Å"How to Restrict the President’s Power to Wage War,† National  Journal 6, no. 15 (2013): 37. Independence Hall Associations, â€Å"How Do Citizens Connect with Their Government?,† in American Government. Philadelphia, PA: Independence Hall Association, 2008, ushistory.org/gov/index.asp. William Rogers, â€Å"Congress, the President, and the War Powers,† California Law Review 59, no. 5 (1971): 1194–1214.

E commerce. group project, MIS class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

E commerce. group project, MIS class - Essay Example In the event that many people log into our site or share our advertisements and updates with their friends, we can safely conclude that the marketing aspect of the project is a success. Success would also be established by the increasing number of online donations or feedbacks. Social networks are bound to bring in plenty of feedback even those that are considerably impertinent. In an effort to isolate the effects of this kind of technology, the only thing that can really be done is actually ignore the irrelevant sort of feedback or response. The entire plan is to collect donations in the promotion of charity for the baseball team; any information pertaining to anything other than the main course is considered to be immaterial in all respects. There is always a chance of failure in every venture undertaken in business. In other words, there is no guarantee of success in this case. Therefore, in case of failure, the charity group will take to the streets and literally publicize our project to people by word of mouth. Needless to mention, it is much easier to persuade people on a personal level. All in all, we do hope that this project will work and that the reception will be worthwhile. It is a good thing what the baseball team is attempting to do for charity and we hope that the public perceives it as